-- toto jsem nasel ve svem "++very_temp" adresari:
-- nektere prikazy jsem doplnil a upravil..
apropos word Show commands pertinent to word. See also threadsafe which command // Show full path name of command
time command // See how long a command takes
• time cat // Start stopwatch. Ctrl-d to stop. See also sw
• nice info // Run a low priority command (info in this case)
• renice 19 -p $$ // Make shell (script) low priority. Use for non interactive tasks
• look reference // Quickly search (sorted) dictionary for prefix
• grep --color reference /usr/share/dict/words // Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary
gpg -c file // Encrypt file
gpg file.gpg // Decrypt file
• alias hd='od -Ax -tx1z -v' // Handy hexdump. (usage e.g.: • hd /proc/self/cmdline | less)
• alias realpath='readlink -f' // Canonicalize path. (usage e.g.: • realpath ~/../$USER)
• set | grep $USER // Search current environment
• ls /usr/bin | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS // Print in 9 columns to width of terminal
touch -c -t 0304050607 file // Set file timestamp (YYMMDDhhmm)
dir navigation• cd - // Go to previous directory
• cd ~ //Go to home directory
(cd dir && command) // Go to dir, execute command and return to current dir
• pushd . // Put current dir on stack so you can popd back to it
CDs dd if=/dev/hdc of=image.iso // create iso image from content of /dev/hdc, same as:
cat /dev/hdc &>image.iso // same as above..
gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz // Save copy of data cdrom
mkisofs -V NAME -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz // Create cdrom image from contents of dir
mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir // Mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only)
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast // Clear a CDRW
gzip -dc cdrom.iso.gz | cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom - // Burn cdrom image (use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev)
cdparanoia -B // Rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav // Make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao)
oggenc --tracknum='track' track.cdda.wav -o 'track.ogg' // Make ogg file from wav file
archives tar c dir/ | bzip2 > dir.tar.bz2 // Make archive of dir/
bzip2 -dc dir.tar.bz2 | tar x // Extract archive (use gzip instead of bzip2 for tar.gz files)
tar c dir/ | gzip | gpg -c | ssh user@remote 'dd of=dir.tar.gz.gpg' // Make encrypted archive of dir/ on remote machine
find dir/ -name '*.txt' | tar c --files-from=- | bzip2 > dir_txt.tar.bz2 // Make archive of subset of dir/ and below
find dir/ -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -a --target-directory=dir_txt/ --parents // Make copy of subset of dir/ and below
( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) // Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to /where/to/ dir
( cd /dir/to/copy && tar c . ) | ( cd /where/to/ && tar x -p ) // Copy (with permissions) contents of copy/ dir to /where/to/
( tar c /dir/to/copy ) | ssh -C user@remote 'cd /where/to/ && tar x -p' // Copy (with permissions) copy/ dir to remote:/where/to/ dir
dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@remote 'dd of=hda.gz' // Backup harddisk to remote machine
rsync (Use the --dry-run option for testing) rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file // Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads
rsync --bwlimit=1000 fromfile tofile // Locally copy with rate limit. It's like nice for I/O
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~/public_html/ remote.com:'~/public_html' // Mirror web site (using compression and encryption)
rsync -auz -e ssh remote:/dir/ . && rsync -auz -e ssh . remote:/dir/ // Synchronize current directory with remote one
file searching• alias l='ls -l --color=auto' // quick dir listing
• ls -lrt // List files by date. See also newest
find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' // Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo
find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'string' // Search all regular files for 'string' in this dir and below
find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'string' // Search all regular files for 'string' in this dir
find -maxdepth 1 -type d | while read dir; do echo $dir; echo cmd2; done // Process each item with multiple commands (in while loop)
• find -type f ! -perm -444 // Find files not readable by all (useful for web site)
• find -type d ! -perm -111 // Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site)
• locate -r 'file[^/]*\.txt' // Search cached index for names. This re is like glob *file*.txt
networking (Note ifconfig, route, mii-tool, nslookup commands are obsolete)• ip link show // List interfaces
ethtool interface // List interface status
ip link set dev eth0 name wan // Rename eth0 to wan
ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 // Add ip and mask(255.255.255.0)
ip link set dev interface up // Bring interface up (or down)
ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 // Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254
• tc qdisc add dev lo root handle 1:0 netem delay 20msec // Add 20ms latency to loopback device (for testing)
• tc qdisc del dev lo root // Remove latency added above
• host pixelbeat.org // Lookup ip address for name or vice versa
• hostname -i // Lookup local ip address (equivalent to host `hostname`)
• netstat -tupl // List internet services on a system
• netstat -tup // List active connections to/from system
wget (multi purpose download tool)• (cd cmdline && wget -nd -pHEKk
http://www.pixelbeat.org/cmdline.html) // Store local browsable version of a page to the current dir
wget -c
http://www.example.com/large.file // Continue downloading a partially downloaded file
wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg'
http://www.example.com/ // Download a set of files to the current directory
wget
ftp://remote/file[1-9].iso/ // FTP supports globbing directly
• wget -q -O-
http://www.pixelbeat.org/timeline.html | grep 'a href' | head // Process output directly
echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 // Download url at 1AM to current dir
wget --limit-rate=20k url // Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case)
wget -nv --spider --force-html -i bookmarks.html // Check links in a file
wget --mirror
http://www.example.com/ // Efficiently update a local copy of a site (handy from cron)
windows (note samba is the package that provides all this windows specific networking support)• smbtree // Find windows machines. See also findsmb
nmblookup -A 1.2.3.4 // Find the windows (netbios) name associated with ip address
smbclient -L windows_box // List shares on windows machine or samba server
mount -t smbfs -o fmask=666,guest //windows_box/share /mnt/share // Mount a windows share
echo 'message' | smbclient -M windows_box // Send popup to windows machine (off by default in XP sp2)
math• echo '(1 + sqrt(5))/2' | bc -l // Quick math (Calculate φ). See also bc
• echo 'obase=16; ibase=10; 64206' | bc // Base conversion (decimal to hexadecimal)
• echo $((0x2dec)) // Base conversion (hex to dec) ((shell arithmetic expansion))
• echo 'pad=20; min=64; (100*10^6)/((pad+min)*
' | bc // More complex (int) e.g. This shows max FastE packet rate
• echo 'pad=20; min=64; print (100E6)/((pad+min)*
' | python // Python handles scientific notation
• echo 'pad=20; plot [64:1518] (100*10**6)/((pad+x)*
' | gnuplot -persist // Plot FastE packet rate vs packet size
• seq 100 | (tr '\n' +; echo 0) | bc // Add a column of numbers. See also add and funcpy
text manipulation (note sed uses stdin and stdout, so if you want to edit files, append <oldfile >newfile) sed 's/string1/string2/g' // Replace string1 with string2
sed 's/\(.*\)1/\12/g' // Modify anystring1 to anystring2
sed '/ *#/d; /^ *$/d' // Remove comments and blank lines
sed ':a; /\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' // Concatenate lines with trailing \
sed 's/[ \t]*$//' // Remove trailing spaces from lines
sed 's/\([\\`\\"$\\\\]\)/\\\1/g' // Escape shell metacharacters active within double quotes
sed -n '1000p;1000q' // Print 1000th line
sed -n '10,20p;20q' // Print lines 10 to 20
sed -n 's/.*<title>\(.*\)<\/title>.*/\1/ip;T;q' // Extract title from HTML web page
sort -t. -k1,1n -k2,2n -k3,3n -k4,4n // Sort IPV4 ip addresses
• echo 'Test' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' // Case conversion
• tr -dc '[:print:]' < /dev/urandom // Filter non printable characters
• grep 'processor' /proc/cpuinfo | wc -l // Count lines
set operations (Note LANG=C is for speed) (Note also these assume no duplicate lines within a file) LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq // Union of unsorted files
LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -d // Intersection of unsorted files
LANG=C sort file1 file1 file2 | uniq -u // Difference of unsorted files
LANG=C sort file1 file2 | uniq -u // Symmetric Difference of unsorted files
LANG=C comm file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' // Union of sorted files
LANG=C comm -12 file1 file2 // Intersection of sorted files
LANG=C comm -13 file1 file2 // Difference of sorted files
LANG=C comm -3 file1 file2 | sed 's/^\t*//' // Symmetric Difference of sorted files
calendar• cal -3 // Display a calendar
• cal 9 1752 // Display a calendar for a particular month year
• date -d fri // What date is it this friday. See also day
• date --date='25 Dec' +%A // What day does xmas fall on, this year
• date --date '1970-01-01 UTC 1234567890 seconds' // Convert number of seconds since the epoch to a date
• TZ=':America/Los_Angeles' date // What time is it on West coast of US (use tzselect to find TZ)
echo "mail -s 'get the train' P@draigBrady.com < /dev/null" | at 17:45 // Email reminder
• echo "DISPLAY=$DISPLAY xmessage cooker" | at "NOW + 30 minutes" // Popup reminder
locales• printf "%'d\n" 1234 //Print number with thousands grouping appropriate to locale
• BLOCK_SIZE=\'1 ls -l // get ls to do thousands grouping appropriate to locale
• echo "I live in `locale territory`" // Extract info from locale database
• locale | cut -d= -f1 | xargs locale -kc | less // List fields in locale database
• LANG=en_IE.utf8 locale int_prefix // Lookup locale info for specific country. See also ccodes
disk space (See also FSlint)• ls -lSr // Show files, biggest last
• du -s * | sort -k1,1rn | head // Show top disk users in current dir. See also dutop
• df -h // Show free disk space
• df -i // Show free inodes
• fdisk -l // Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root)
• rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}\t%{NAME}\n' | sort -k1,1n // List all packages by installed size (Bytes) on rpm distros
• dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}\t${Package}\n' | sort -k1,1n // List all packages by installed size (KBytes) on deb distros
• dd bs=1 seek=2TB if=/dev/null of=ext3.test // Create a large test file (taking no space). See also truncate
monitoring/debugging• strace -c ls >/dev/null // Summarise/profile system calls made by command
• strace -f -e open ls >/dev/null // List system calls made by command
• ltrace -f -e getenv ls >/dev/null // List library calls made by command
• lsof -p $$ // List paths that process id has open
• lsof ~ // List processes that have specified path open
• tcpdump not port 22 // Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me
• ps -e -o pid,args --forest // List processes in a hierarchy
• ps -e -o pcpu,cpu,nice,state,cputime,args --sort pcpu | sed '/^ 0.0 /d' // List processes by % cpu usage
• ps -e -orss=,args= | sort -b -k1,1n | pr -TW$COLUMNS // List processes by mem usage. See also ps_mem.py
• ps -C firefox-bin -L -o pid,tid,pcpu,state // List all threads for a particular process
• ps -p 1,2 // List info for particular process IDs
• last reboot // Show system reboot history
• free -m // Show amount of (remaining) RAM (-m displays in MB)
• watch -n1 'cat /proc/interrupts' // Watch changeable data continuously
System information (see also sysinfo) hdparm -i /dev/hda // Show info about disk hda
hdparm -tT /dev/hda // Do a read speed test on disk hda
badblocks -s /dev/hda // Test for unreadable blocks on disk hda
• mount | column -t // Show mounted filesystems on the system (and align output)
• cat /proc/partitions // Show all partitions registered on the system
• grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo // Show RAM total seen by the system
• grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo // Show CPU(s) info
• lspci -tv // Show PCI info
• lsusb -tv // Show USB info
recode (Obsoletes iconv, dos2unix, unix2dos)• recode -l | less // Show available conversions (aliases on each line)
recode windows-1252.. file_to_change.txt // Windows "ansi" to local charset (auto does CRLF conversion)
recode utf-8/CRLF.. file_to_change.txt // Windows utf8 to local charset
recode iso-8859-15..utf8 file_to_change.txt // Latin9 (western europe) to utf8
recode ../b64 < file.txt > file.b64 // Base64 encode
recode /qp.. < file.txt > file.qp // Quoted printable decode
recode ..HTML < file.txt > file.html // Text to HTML
• recode -lf windows-1252 | grep euro // Lookup table of characters
• echo -n 0x80 | recode latin-9/x1..dump // Show what a code represents in latin-9 charmap
• echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..latin-9/x // Show latin-9 encoding
• echo -n 0x20AC | recode ucs-2/x2..utf-8/x // Show utf-8 encoding
interactive• mc // Powerful file manager that can browse rpm, tar, ftp, ssh, ...
• screen // Virtual terminals with detach capability, ...
• links // Web browser
• gnuplot // Interactive/scriptable graphing
• octave // Matlab like environment
Téma: usefull commands - examples (Přečteno 6052 krát)
